PostQuantumSecurity.org https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/ PostQuantumSecurity.org offers independent research and analysis on post-quantum cryptography and quantum computing—covering NIST standards, real-world migration, and emerging threats. en Mon, 19 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Google Willow's Magic-State Breakthrough: 40× Fewer Errors, Not 40× Closer to Breaking RSA https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/google_willow.html https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/google_willow.html Mon, 19 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Technical Analysis Google's Willow chip cut magic-state errors 40-fold. A technical analysis of what magic state cultivation does, and does not, mean for RSA, ECC and Bitcoin. Is Your Bank Ready for Quantum Computers? We Checked the World's 100 Largest https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/top100banks-pqc-report.html https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/top100banks-pqc-report.html Tue, 06 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Research Report We scanned the homepages and online-banking logins of the world's 100 largest banks for hybrid ML-KEM (X25519MLKEM768) key exchange. Results by region, size and CDN, plus every bank's result. Is Your Browser Quantum-Safe? Chrome, Safari, Firefox and Edge Compared https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/browsers_pqc.html https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/browsers_pqc.html Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT Comparative Analysis Chrome, Safari, Firefox and Edge now use hybrid ML-KEM key exchange by default. Learn what that protects, what it does not, and how to check your browser. HAWK Withdrawn After an AI-Discovered Attack: What It Means for Post-Quantum Signatures https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/ai_pqc_signature.html https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/ai_pqc_signature.html Fri, 04 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT Technical Analysis An AI-assisted attack weakened HAWK and prompted its withdrawal from NIST review. Learn what changed—and why deployed PQC standards remain unaffected. Which Messengers Are Already Quantum-Safe? Signal, WhatsApp, iMessage and More https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/pqc_messengers.html https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/pqc_messengers.html Thu, 09 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT Comparative Analysis Signal and iMessage have deployed post-quantum messaging protections. WhatsApp, Google Messages, Telegram, Threema, Viber, Wire, and Matrix differ sharply in public evidence, deployment status, and protocol scope. This comparative analysis explains the protocols, the gaps, and what it means for users and developers. Will Quantum Computers Break Your Password? https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/pqc_password.html https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/pqc_password.html Sun, 21 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT Technical Briefing Quantum computers won't crack your password the way you think. Learn why Grover's algorithm poses only a limited threat to passwords while Shor's algorithm breaks the public-key crypto protecting your login. ML-KEM Explained: How Lattice Cryptography Secures the Post-Quantum Future https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/ML_KEM-dive.html https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/ML_KEM-dive.html Wed, 20 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT Technical Deep Dive ML-KEM (FIPS 203) uses the mathematical hardness of lattice problems to build quantum-resistant key encapsulation. This deep dive explains Module-LWE, the three security levels, and real-world use cases. Your Car May Outlive Its Encryption: Why Automakers Must Prepare for the Quantum Era https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/pqc_unece.html https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/pqc_unece.html Sat, 25 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT Technical Briefing Modern cars are computers on wheels. Long vehicle lifetimes, secure software updates, and UNECE R155/R156 are pushing automakers to prepare for post-quantum cryptography and crypto-agility. Google's Quantum Breakthrough: What New ECC Attack Estimates Mean for Blockchain and Beyond https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/google_ai_ecc_whitepaper.html https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/google_ai_ecc_whitepaper.html Wed, 01 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT White Paper Analysis An independent technical analysis of Google's white paper on quantum attacks against elliptic curve cryptography. Updated resource estimates suggest fewer than 500,000 physical qubits may suffice to break secp256k1. From X25519 to X25519+MLKEM768: How Hybrid TLS Is Becoming Real https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/X25519+MLKEM768.html https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/X25519+MLKEM768.html Sun, 01 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT Technical Briefing For most of the past decade, X25519 has been the workhorse of TLS key exchange—fast, compact, and battle-proven. But its security rests on the elliptic-... Code Signing Crisis: Improving Supply Chain Security Before 2030 https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/code_signing_pqc.html https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/code_signing_pqc.html Sun, 01 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT Technical Briefing Code signing is the digital handshake that tells users "this software hasn't been tampered with." But the algorithms underpinning today's signing infras... PQC on the Edge: Can IoT Handle Post-Quantum Keys? https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/pqc_in_IoT.html https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/pqc_in_IoT.html Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT Technical Analysis Post-quantum cryptography promises long-term security against quantum attacks, but IoT devices operate under severe constraints: limited RAM, flash stor... Quantum Threat to Blockchain: Will Bitcoin Survive? https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/bitcoin_quantumcomputer_pqc.html https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/bitcoin_quantumcomputer_pqc.html Mon, 01 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT Technical Briefing Bitcoin and Ethereum rely on elliptic curve cryptography (ECDSA) to secure billions of dollars in assets. When quantum computers capable of running Shor... Key Exchange vs. Digital Signatures: Why the Quantum Clock Ticks Differently https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/key-exchange-vs-signature.html https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/key-exchange-vs-signature.html Mon, 01 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT Technical Briefing TLS 1.3 relies on two distinct cryptographic operations: key exchange for confidentiality and digital signatures for authentication. Both are vulnerable... The Practical Path to Quantum-Safe Security: Post-Quantum Cryptography Now, Quantum Key Distribution When It Fits https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/pqc_vs_qkd.html https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/pqc_vs_qkd.html Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT Perspective Quantum computing threatens current encryption methods, but two technologies offer protection: Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) and Quantum Key Distribut... TLS 1.3: Quantum Vulnerabilities and Hybrid Defences https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/tls_vul.html https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/tls_vul.html Fri, 01 Aug 2025 00:00:00 GMT Technical Article Transport Layer Security (TLS) version 1.3 keeps our Internet communications confidential and authentic through elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman key exchan... Quantum-Safe Roadmap for GmbHs: BSI-Aligned Migration & Funding Tips https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/pqc_smb_roadmap.html https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/pqc_smb_roadmap.html Tue, 01 Jul 2025 00:00:00 GMT Briefing Your customer data must stay confidential well into the 2030s—long after RSA and ECC are crackable. This playbook turns the latest BSI guidance into thr... From Theory to Practice: Real-World PQC & Government Mandates https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/pqc_examples.html https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/pqc_examples.html Tue, 01 Jul 2025 00:00:00 GMT Briefing Post-quantum cryptography isn’t just lab code—it’s already protecting internet traffic, mainframes and cloud keys. This article samples high-impact depl... The Quantum Clock Is Ticking: What is Harvest-Now, Decrypt-Later? https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/harvest-now-decrypt-later.html https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/harvest-now-decrypt-later.html Sun, 01 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT Briefing Attackers are quietly collecting encrypted data today so it can be broken with tomorrow’s quantum computers. This article explains the harvest-now, decr... BSI-Compliant Post-Quantum Key Establishment: Implementation Pitfalls https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/bsi-compliant-pqc.html https://www.postquantumsecurity.org/publications/bsi-compliant-pqc.html Sun, 01 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT Research Report Analysis of BSI TR-02102-1 Version 2026-01 guidance for post-quantum key establishment, including ML-KEM, FrodoKEM, Classic McEliece, hybrid key combination, migration timelines, and implementation pitfalls.